Bafomé, a mais duradoura criação do escritor Éliphas Lévi, é um ícone do universo esotérico: é a imagem “satânica” mais conhecida da história. Na tentativa de desvendar a sua rica composição simbólica, uma exegese iconográfica será conduzida por intermédio da psicologia analítica, fundada pelo psiquiatra suíço Carl Gustav Jung. As origens de Bafomé na alquimia, na cabala e no gnosticismo serão perscrutadas e os conceitos Junguianos do inconsciente coletivo e dos arquétipos irão, em grande parte, balizar a interpretação proposta neste (...) trabalho. Tal análise será dividida em oito subáreas, entre elas: o significado do seu aspecto animalesco na escatologia cristã, o hermafroditismo na psicologia e nas ciências arcanas, as qualidades mágicas do pentagrama e a importância hermética do caduceu. Por fim, conclui-se que o Bafomé é um símbolo de self, o arquétipo da totalidade psíquica. Bafomé tem por finalidade ser uma alternativa à imagem primordial cristã de autorrealização, mais integradora e menos repressora que esta. Palavras-chave: Alquimia. Cristianismo. Magia. Psicologia junguiana. Religião e psicologia.Baphomet, the lasting creation of the French writer Éliphas Lévi, is an icon of the esoteric universe: it is the history’s best-known “satanic” image. In an attempt to unravel its rich symbolic composite, an iconographic exegesis will be conducted through the use of analytical psychology, founded by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. The origins of Baphomet in alchemy, Kabbalah and Gnosticism will investigated mostly through the application of Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious and the archetypes. Such analysis will be divided into eight sub-areas, including: the significance of his animal appearance in Christian eschatology, hermaphroditism in psychology and the arcane sciences, the magical qualities of the pentagram and the importance of the caduceus in hermetism. Finally, we conclude that Baphomet is a symbol of the self, the archetype of psychic wholeness. Baphomet aims to be an alternative to the Christian primordial image of self-realization, more inclusive and less repressive than the latter. Keywords: Alchemy. Christianity. Jungian psychology. Magic. Religion and psychology. (shrink)

This paper studies an Umayyad Andalusi foundation inscription, dated 387/4 January 997-2 January 998, which is no longer extant but has been transmited in a summary in Castilian on a tablet dated 1259 and repaired in 1575. An attempt is made to deduce the original Arabic text, and the documented facts and persons are discussed.

Este artículo trata de una inscripción constructiva omeya andalusí del año 387 / 4 enero 997-2 enero 998, hoy perdida, pero transmitida a través de un resumen castellano incluido en una lápida de 1259 "reparada" en 1575. Se intenta la restitución del texto árabe original y se estudian los hechos y los personajes documentados.

El uso del espacio virtual invita a una reflexión ética sobre su impacto moral. Sociólogos, psicólogos y filósofos son incapaces acordar sus implicaciones éticas. El presente artículo examina el espacio virtual a través de la teoría de La Construcción Social de la Realidad de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann, que sostiene que el otro significante conforma el carácter del individuo. Se argumenta que el ciberespacio produce un progreso moral. Por un lado, la multiplicidad de otros significantes representa un obstáculo (...) en la socialización del individuo. Por otro y más importante, los otros significantes constituyen nuevas verdades que favorecen un nuevo orden moral. Este resultado se explica mediante el concepto de otro generalizado originario del filósofo George H. Mead. En conclusión, se propone que el espacio virtual conforma el carácter moral del individuo de forma positiva. (shrink)

Background: The prevalence of anxiety and depression in young students is associated with biosocial factors and scholastic stress. However, few studies have evaluated emotional-affective symptoms that are related to the immune system and antioxidant parameters in young individuals without diagnoses of affective disorders.Aim: This study aims to assess the relationship between emotional-affective symptoms and glutathione concentrations and CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts in college students.Methods: College students completed standardized psychometric instruments, including the Perceived Stress Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression (...) Inventory, Familiar Social and Friends Support Scale, and Rosenberg Scale. Blood samples were biochemically analyzed. Analyses of variance were conducted between four groups according to symptom severity.Results: A considerable prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms was observed and negatively correlated with self-esteem and socio-familiar support. Perceived stress was sexually dimorphic. Although biochemical parameters were within reference ranges, glutathione, CD4, and CD8 tended to be lower in participants with anxiety and depression symptoms, which may be of predictive value.Conclusion: The relationship between antioxidant/immune parameters and socio-affective scores is latent in undiagnosed college students who might develop affective disorders. The findings suggest that during the initial development of affective disorders, stress management strategies should be implemented to help college students cope with the academic load and monitor negative changes in their physiological state. (shrink)

Nowadays, the quality standards of higher education institutions pay special attention to the performance and evaluation of the students. Then, having a complete academic record of each student, such as number of attempts, average grade and so on, plays a key role. In this context, the existence of missing data, which can happen for different reasons, leads to affect adversely interesting future analysis. Therefore, the use of imputation techniques is presented as a helpful tool to estimate the value of missing (...) data. This work deals with the academic records of engineering students, in which imputation techniques are applied. More specifically, it is assessed and compared to the performance of the multivariate imputation by chained equations methodology, the adaptive assignation algorithm based on multivariate adaptive regression splines and a hybridization based on self-organisation maps with Mahalanobis distances and AAA algorithm. The results show that proposed methods obtain successfully results regardless the number of missing values, in general terms. (shrink)

Este trabajo consiste en una aproximación a las razones de la democracia y al papel de la opinión pública en la misma. Contiene también un ensayo conceptual analítico que pretende dar cuenta suficientemente de los elementos definitorios de esos dos conceptos centrales del discurso político y jurídico. Democracia y opinión pública no son realidades identificables de manera indiscutible y no siempre cuando se habla de ellas se hace un uso homogéneo de los términos y de su sentido político. Este trabajo (...) pretende dar respuesta, aunque sea con carácter no definitivo, a algunos de los interrogantes que derivan de las distintas propuestas sobre la democracia y sobre la opinión pública que se han ofrecido por el pensamiento político moderno y contemporáneo. (shrink)

The article analyzes the four novels that Ángel García Ronda, politician and writer, has dedicated to ETA and to the situation experienced in the Basque Country as a result of terrorism. He is an important author for the knowledge of terrorism in literature, for the following reasons: his condition as born in San Sebastián in 1939, where he has lived all his life, the performance of positions in the Spanish Socialist Workers Party and in the Socialist Party from Euskadi, having (...) carried an escort for two decades, having suffered the murder of friends and acquaintances and, consequently, having extensive experience, public and private, of what happened in the Basque Country. We attend to the genesis, contents, intentionality and historicity of the tetralogy that the author has baptized as Áspera memoria. (shrink)

Hoy más que nunca, inmersa Europa en una preocupante crisis que cuestiona su propio devenir, conviene reflexionar sobre lo que mantiene unido a los Estamos miembros de la Unión Europea como proyecto político. Sostenemos que, en ausencia de una lengua, religión u otras señales identitarias, Europa es ante todo una Comunidad de Derecho. Reivindicamos en este trabajo, a través de un discurso diacrónico, el papel de primera línea que han jugado el Derecho y las tradiciones jurídicas europeas como amalgama de (...) una esencia propia, que llega hasta nuestros días a través de la mayor aportación europea a la Cultura mundial: la democracia y los Derechos humanos tal y como actualmente se conciben. (shrink)

This work was carried out with the objective of presenting an integral vision of the person necessary for a healthy experience of objectivity/subjectivity in Emmanuel Mounier and rationality in José Saramago. Such approaches will be initiated by the corporeality that shows the body as an essential part of the person, that is, through it she expresses herself as such and exposes herself to the world and to others. However, this same person is beyond the body, the exteriority, he is (...) interiority and there he finds the strength that favors the leap of his own personal reality, that is, he favors the interior-exterior dynamic. In this dynamic, the great gift of freedom emerges, which, although interior, manifests itself in human acts. For the elaboration of the research, a bibliographic exploratory methodology was used in the main works of the authors. Finally, we conclude that Mounier and Saramago's proposal about freedom are really near on there principles, which ideas are sorely needed in today's world. Knowing that freedom is not pure objectivity, that we should live it instead of seeing it, nor pure subjectivity, because the world does not suit only my will; therefore, the human experience is lived under conditions, what surely puts us down to earth. We are free as we make others free, this is the great challenge! (shrink)

Diante do significado de comunidade que a considera uma essência dada, massificada e homogênea, neste artigo buscamos reconstruir outra concepção de comunidade que a entende como uma produção recursiva por meio de um processo de comunicação em diferentes registros entre seus membros. Uma comunicação que, ao construir a composição humana, preserva a potência singular de cada corpo componente. Para tanto, recuperamos a noção espinosista da comunidade como um indivíduo composto pelo mecanismo de _imitatio affectuum_ e processos de acordo, consenso e (...) acordo. Assumimos também, em interligação, as propostas peircianas sobre a comunidade constituída em busca de um crescimento indefinido do conhecimento, através da cooperação e comunicação de todos os seus membros. Veremos, ao final, que tanto a existência individual quanto a realidade social requerem, como pré-condição e princípio ativo, um processo iterativo de comunicação, um "fazer comunidade" assiduamente renovado. (shrink)

El presente trabajo pretende aportar una serie de recomendaciones prácticas consonantes con el respeto de los derechos humanos para el trabajo periodístico al momento de abordar el fenómeno de la inmigración. Para ello se recogen aportes teóricos y conceptuales acerca del análisis de discurso, la teoría del framing y teoría de los derechos humanos, y con ello evidenciar la importancia que tienen los enfoques periodísticos al momento de exponer noticias relacionadas con el fenómeno de la inmigración.

One of the objectives in the field of artificial intelligence for some decades has been the development of artificial agents capable of coexisting in harmony with people and other systems. The computing research community has made efforts to design artificial agents capable of doing tasks the way people do, tasks requiring cognitive mechanisms such as planning, decision-making, and learning. The application domains of such software agents are evident nowadays. Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their environment as (...) unmanned vehicles, intelligent houses, and humanoid robots capable of caring for people. In this context, research in the field of machine ethics has become more than a hot topic. Machine ethics focuses on developing ethical mechanisms for artificial agents to be capable of engaging in moral behavior. However, there are still crucial challenges in the development of truly Artificial Moral Agents. This paper aims to show the current status of Artificial Moral Agents by analyzing models proposed over the past two decades. As a result of this review, a taxonomy to classify Artificial Moral Agents according to the strategies and criteria used to deal with ethical problems is proposed. The presented review aims to illustrate (1) the complexity of designing and developing ethical mechanisms for this type of agent, and (2) that there is a long way to go (from a technological perspective) before this type of artificial agent can replace human judgment in difficult, surprising or ambiguous moral situations. (shrink)

Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra (2006) argues against attempts to preserve the entailment principle (or a restriction of it) while avoiding the explosion of truthmakers for necessities and truthmaker triviality. In doing so, he both defends the disjunction thesis--if something makes true a disjunctive truth, then it makes true one of its disjuncts--, and rejects the conjunction thesis--if something makes tue a conjunctive truth, then it makes true each of its conjuncts. In my discussion, I provide plausible counterexamples to the disjunction thesis, (...) and contend that Rodriguez-Pereyra's general defence of it fails. Then I defend the conjunction thesis from Rodriguez-Pereyra's case against it. (shrink)

Introducción: Los jóvenes LGBT+ corren un riesgo elevado de sinhogarismo, además de padecer estrés de las minorías sexuales. Objetivo: conocer la percepción del estrés en minorías LGTB+ sin hogar en su riesgo de exclusión social. Metodología: modelo de regresión lineal de probabilidad para determinar los efectos marginales de los ítems con la probabilidad de riesgo de exclusión social. Se evalúa la significación de los efectos parciales y la fiabilidad del grado de clasificación a partir del modelo. Resultados: diferentes tipos de (...) estrés minoritario LGBT+ influyen en el riesgo de exclusión social. Conclusiones: investigaciones futuras deben ampliar la muestra LGBT+ para lograr una mejor comprensión de este fenómeno. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de comparar las características de la conducta prosocial en adolescentes con dificultades para aprender y sus pares sin este antecedente. Estuvo integrado por 44 adolescentes, distribuidos en dos grupos. Se emplearon la entrevista semiestructurada, los cuestionarios de Conducta Prosocial, Conducta Antisocial y de Aislamiento y Soledad a los adolescentes. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó a través del SPSS v.15 en español específicamente la prueba U de Mann Withney. Se apreciaron diferencias (...) entre los grupos en cuanto a la influencia familiar. El comportamiento prosocial en ambos grupos no mostró diferencias significativas. La conducta antisocial aportó diferencias significativas con respecto a las dimensiones aislamiento y retraimiento/ansiedad sobre la dimensión de agresividad. Los indicadores de aislamiento y soledad resultaron más elevados en los adolescentes con dificultades para aprender. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was comparing the characteristics of prosocial behavior in adolescents with Difficulties to Learn and their couples without this antecedent. It was integrated by 44 adolescents. They were used the interview, the questionnaires of Prosocial Behavior, Antisocial Behavior and of Isolation and solitude to the adolescents. El prosecution of the data was carried out through the SPSS v.15 in Spanish, specifically the test U of Mann Withney. Differences were appreciated among the groups as for the family influence. The prosocial behavior in both groups didn't show significant differences. The antisocial behavior contributed significant differences with regard to the dimensions isolation and reserve/anxiety over the dimension of aggressiveness. The isolation indicators and solitude were higher in the adolescents with Difficulties to Learn. (shrink)